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Consumption and investment Variable Code Coverage Latest Total consumption Millions of local currency cons1950–2025 157,600,000 (2025) Total consumption (% of GDP) Percent of GDP cons_GDP1950–2025 66.4 (2025) Total consumption (USD) Millions of US dollars cons_USD1950–2025 58,517 (2025) Household consumption Millions of local currency hcons1950–2025 119,700,000 (2025) Household consumption (% of GDP) Percent of GDP hcons_GDP1950–2025 50.4 (2025) Household consumption (USD) Millions of US dollars hcons_USD1950–2025 44,448 (2025) Government consumption Millions of local currency gcons1950–2025 37,803,744 (2025) Government consumption (% of GDP) Percent of GDP gcons_GDP1950–2025 15.9 (2025) Government consumption (USD) Millions of US dollars gcons_USD1950–2025 14,037 (2025) Gross capital formation Millions of local currency inv1950–2025 85,234,528 (2025) Gross capital formation (% of GDP) Percent of GDP inv_GDP1950–2025 35.9 (2025) Gross capital formation (USD) Millions of US dollars inv_USD1950–2025 31,648 (2025) Gross fixed capital formation Millions of local currency finv1950–2025 77,459,120 (2025) Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) Percent of GDP finv_GDP1950–2025 32.6 (2025) Gross fixed capital formation (USD) Millions of US dollars finv_USD1950–2025 28,761 (2025)
External sector Variable Code Coverage Latest Exports Millions of local currency exports1887–2025 100,900,000 (2025) Exports (% of GDP) Percent of GDP exports_GDP1950–2025 42.5 (2025) Exports (USD) Millions of US dollars exports_USD1950–2025 37,450 (2025) Imports Millions of local currency imports1892–2025 104,800,000 (2025) Imports (% of GDP) Percent of GDP imports_GDP1950–2025 44.1 (2025) Imports (USD) Millions of US dollars imports_USD1950–2025 38,905 (2025) Current account Millions of local currency CA1980–2025 -10,283,639 (2025) Current account (% of GDP) Percent of GDP CA_GDP1980–2025 -4.33 (2025) USD exchange rate Local currency per US dollar USDfx1950–2025 2,693 (2025) Real effective exchange rate Index, 2015 = 100 REER1963–2025 114.7 (2025) Current account (USD) Millions of US dollars CA_USD1980–2025 -3,818 (2025)
Government finances Variable Code Coverage Latest Government expenditure Millions of local currency govexp1950–2023 27,140,665 (2023) General government expenditure Millions of local currency gen_govexp1996–2023 27,140,665 (2023) General government expenditure (% of GDP) Percent of GDP gen_govexp_GDP1996–2023 15.9 (2023) Central government expenditure Millions of local currency cgovexp1950–2025 38,321,182 (2025) Central government expenditure (% of GDP) Percent of GDP cgovexp_GDP1950–2025 16.1 (2025) Government revenue Millions of local currency govrev1996–2023 24,419,294 (2023) General government revenue Millions of local currency gen_govrev1996–2023 24,419,294 (2023) Central government revenue Millions of local currency cgovrev2000–2025 32,106,102 (2025) General government revenue (% of GDP) Percent of GDP gen_govrev_GDP1996–2023 14.3 (2023) Central government revenue (% of GDP) Percent of GDP cgovrev_GDP2000–2025 13.5 (2025) Government deficit (% of GDP) Percent of GDP govdef_GDP1996–2023 -1.59 (2023) General government deficit (% of GDP) Percent of GDP gen_govdef_GDP1996–2023 -1.59 (2023) General government deficit Millions of local currency gen_govdef1996–2023 -2,721,369 (2023) Central government deficit (% of GDP) Percent of GDP cgovdef_GDP2000–2025 -2.62 (2025) Central government deficit Millions of local currency cgovdef2000–2025 -6,215,080 (2025) Government debt (% of GDP) Percent of GDP govdebt_GDP1970–2024 11.8 (2024) General government debt (% of GDP) Percent of GDP gen_govdebt_GDP1970–2024 11.8 (2024) General government debt Millions of local currency gen_govdebt1970–2024 24,532,607 (2024) Central government debt (% of GDP) Percent of GDP cgovdebt_GDP1971–2022 14.9 (2022) Central government debt Millions of local currency cgovdebt1971–2022 21,116,587 (2022) Government debt Millions of local currency govdebt1970–2024 24,532,607 (2024) Government deficit Millions of local currency govdef1996–2023 -2,721,369 (2023) Government expenditure (% of GDP) Percent of GDP govexp_GDP1950–2023 15.9 (2023) Government revenue (% of GDP) Percent of GDP govrev_GDP1996–2023 14.3 (2023)
Money and interest rates Variable Code Coverage Latest Short-term interest rate Percent strate2007–2025 22.6 (2025) Central bank policy rate Percent cbrate2000–2025 15.0 (2025) M0 (monetary base) Millions of local currency M01910–2025 11,278,587 (2025) M1 Millions of local currency M11963–2010 706,164 (2010) M2 Millions of local currency M21963–2010 1,964,600 (2010) M3 Millions of local currency M32001–2025 42,991,528 (2025)
Please cite: Müller, K., Xu, C., Lehbib, M., & Chen, Z. (2025). The Global Macro Database: A New International Macroeconomic Dataset. NBER Working Paper 33714. BibTeX →